A Beginners Guide to Cannabis Decarboxylation

Cannabis decarboxylation must occur before cooking, baking, or extracting oil from the dried flower buds of the cannabis plant in order to reap the benefits of activated CBD or THC. Learn more about how, when, and why to decarboxylate cannabis for making edibles, medicine, and more at home.

You will often hear this process referred to as 'decarb' or 'decarbing' cannabis flower, and it truly is an important step to take if you plan on making homemade cannabis edibles.

So what exactly is decarboxylation, and why do we need to do it, anyway?

If you were to eat a whole dried or raw cannabis flower bud, it is unlikely that you will feel the intoxicating effects of THC.

That is because raw cannabis does not naturally contain high amounts of CBD or THC, it actually contains what is known as cannabinoid acids.

Cannabinoid acids, known as CBDA and THCA, and more, have potential health benefits - but they are not intoxicating in nature (meaning you won't get high).

To convert these nonintoxicating cannabinoid acids into the activated cannabinoids we want to consume, the process of decarboxylation must occur.

By definition, decarboxylation is is a chemical reaction that removes a carboxyl group and releases carbon dioxide. 

Decarboxylation occurs when cannabis is exposed to heat, light, cofactors, or solvents, all of which can be manipulated within your own kitchen. 

Cannabis decarboxylation is necessary to experience the activated effects of CBD or THC when making cannabis edibles, cannabis topicals, oil infusions, and more.

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Variability of Decarboxylation Methods

If you ask one hundred different members of my Well With Cannabis Community how they decarboxylate their cannabis, you will get 100 different answers.

While the variations in each method are often slight, they are also usually accompanied by years of experience and personal preference. 

Ultimately, we will all arrive at the same goal - activated CBD, THC, or other cannabinoids that can be used in homemade edibles.

Now it's important to remember that this is not a perfect process in a controlled environment, nor does it need to be.

Each cannabis plant is highly unique and contains a full-spectrum of compounds including different cannabinoids, terpenes, and more.

The cannabinoid and terpene profile varies from plant to plant, and each cannabinoid and terpene decarboxylates at a different temperature, making replicating and reproducing consistent results challenging.

On top of that we all have different kitchen set ups with equipment available to work with. Temperature fluctuations can vary greatly from oven to oven.

Finally, it can be difficult to determine the final percentage of a specific cannabinoid in your final product without expensive lab testing.

However, this is not to discourage you.

While this sounds like one big science experiment going on in your kitchen, it really can be as simple as putting a mason jar of flower in the oven and baking.

The Science Behind Why We Need Decarboxylate Cannabis

If you're a new cannabis edible consumer, you may not have known that eating dried or raw cannabis flowers will provide little to no intoxicating effect at all.

This can be good or bad depending on your desired experience.

Raw cannabis flower contains tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), a non-intoxicating substance that can be converted into the intoxicating substance tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) through the decarboxylation process (1). 

This process also converts cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) into cannabidiol (CBD), although both forms remain non-intoxicating in their respective states.

While THCA and CBDA have potential health benefits in and of themselves, for preparing cannabis edibles, most people prefer them decarboxylated into the active forms of THC and CBD.

While there is a general understanding of the science behind the decarboxylation process, truthfully, it is all just one big experiment in a home kitchen.

Ultimately, they all get you to the same place - decarbed cannabis flower.

Cannabis Decarboxylation with Heat

As mentioned before, decarboxylation occurs when cannabis is exposed to heat, light, cofactors, or solvents.

For this process, we prefer to decarb with heat, as this is the easiest method to control in an at-home kitchen environment.  

Decarboxylation can easily be done in your own kitchen at home by baking the dried cannabis in the oven at a low temperature for a certain period of time.

The goal of cannabis decarboxylation is to heat the flower at a low temperature to allow decarboxylation to occur without destroying the other beneficial plant matter such as the terpenes or flavonoids. 

Again, this becomes difficult because each cannabinoid and each terpene decarboxylates at its own specific temperature.

General Decarb Temperature Recommendations

• The most common recommendation for decarboxylating THCA to THC is to bake the flower at 240° F for 40 minutes.
  
• The most common recommendation for decarboxylating CBDA to CBD is to bake the flower at 240°F for 90 minutes.
  
• The most common recommendation for decarboxylating CBGA to CBG is to bake the flower at 220°F for 60 minutes.
  
• The most common recommendation for degrading THC to CBN is to bake the flower at 240°F for 180 minutes.

We do know with lab testing that for the most popular cannabinoid, THC, it is believed THCA begins to decarboxylate at approximately 220°F after around 30-45 minutes of exposure, with full decarboxylation typically taking longer to occur (2). 

Again, the type and strain of cannabis flower you are using will impact decarboxylation time and temperature recommendations.

As noted below, decarboxylating CBD hemp flower requires a much longer cooking time than decarboxylating traditional THC dominant flower.

Because each cannabinoid and terpene decarboxylates at a different temperature, you will want to consider the best temperature and cooking time for your particular strain. 

Once the raw cannabis flower has been decarbed, it can be used in a wide variety of applications, similar to how other dried herbs would be used.

Many people will make their own cannabis tea or spice and seasoning blends with their decarboxylated cannabis flower as is.

Others will move forward to use the decarbed cannabis flower to make an infused oil or cannabutter with a simple infusion process.

Factors That Impact The Decarboxylation Process

There are many factors that will impact the results of your final product when decarboxylating cannabis.

Here are a few additional considerations to keep in mind:

Maintaining Temperature Control

It is important to keep tight temperature controls when decarboxylating cannabis, as much as possible.

While heat is needed to decarboxylate, extreme temperatures can destroy many important plant materials that contribute to positive health outcomes, like terpenes (3).

Each individual terpene may have it’s own therapeutic health benefits, but also carries its own sensitivity to heat.

If cannabis is heated above 300°F during the decarb process, you run the risk of denaturing many important plant compounds (4).

Oven Temperature Variability

Unfortunately, tight temperature control becomes more difficult with the variability of temperatures in traditional home ovens.

Many variables can impact the final temperature of the oven, and even two same brand ovens may vary in temperature by 5-10 degrees or more! 

For this reason, we recommend purchasing a digital oven-safe thermometer so that you can track the temperature in the oven that you have. 

Additionally, we recommend limiting the number of times the oven is opened during the cooking process, as this alters the oven temperature significantly.

Opening the door will cause the temperature to drop and alter your time and temperature recordings' reliability.

Other Equipment Variability

If you are using an oven or other pieces of equipment like a crockpot, slow cooker, or instant pot, small variables in the cooking equipment may impact your final product.

Different crockpots will have different temperatures when set to the same setting, which is why we recommend a digital oven-safe thermometer be used throughout the process. 

The Flower Size Before Decarboxylation

The size of the cannabis flower buds upon decarboxylation will have an impact on the final product.

If the cannabis flower buds are loosely broken up by hand, they will cook differently than cannabis buds that have been run through a grinder and now have a small, uniform texture.

Additionally, decarboxylating finely ground cannabis powder, also known as kief, will require much more attention paid to the temperature and cooking times to prevent burning and denaturing of the important compounds in the plant. 

Should You Grind The Buds Before Decarboxylating?

This is a matter of personal preference.

Some members of my cannabis community say they prefer to grind slightly before decarb to have a more even surface area for heating.

Other members of my cannabis community say grinding beforehand will remove more trichomes, leaving them in the grinder and not on your plant material. 

Additionally, grinding the plant material will expose more surface area which will allow more 'green' material, aka chlorophyll, to be absorbed into the final product.

Many people do not want large amounts of chlorophyll in their final product due to the bitter, earthy taste.

It is for this reason that we recommend to skip the grinding process and simply break up large buds by hand into smaller, popcorn sized pieces before decarbing.

Managing the Smell of Decarboxylation

Yes - the decarboxylation process can cause your house to smell like weed.

When we bake cannabis we activate and release certain terpenes which gives cannabis a distinct and prominent smell.

While many enjoy the wonderful aroma of the baking herb, others are concerned about the smell affecting a loved one, a neighbor, or someone else in the home.

That is why we recommend baking the cannabis flowers in a sealed container, like a mason jar.

The sealed lid will hold in many of the terpenes, which is great for your final product, and helps to cut the odor down significantly.

How to Store Decarbed Cannabis

One question I often receive inside my Well With Cannabis Community is:

How long you can store decarbed cannabis for future use?

Thankfully, decarbed cannabis can be stored for quite a long time before infusing into an oil or tincture.

Just store the decarbed cannabis in an airtight mason jar in a cool, dark space.

A freezer works well and helps to preserve the potency of the activated cannabinoids.

Estimating Final Product Potency

One negative consideration of homemade cannabis edibles is that it is nearly impossible to determine the final exact concentration of final cannabinoids, including CBD and THC, in an at-home setting. 

This is a disadvantage because it is hard to accurately assess and track how much of each cannabinoid you will be orally consuming.

Without lab testing, it is nearly impossible to accurately assess the final product's total cannabinoid concentration, making accurate dosing difficult.

This uncertainty opens up the risk of either underdosing or overdosing, which will ultimately prevent you from experiencing the desired health benefits. 

Combining Decarboxylation with Infusion

The heat decarb method is most often combined with the fat infusion method to ensure maximum cannabinoid activation and terpene retention.

This is my favorite way to create all of our popular staple cannabis oils including:

• Cannabis-Infused Butter
• Cannabis-Infused Coconut Oil
• Cannabis-Infused Olive Oil
• Full-Extract Cannabis Oil (FECO)

Remember, without decarboxylation, you will not experience the full range of beneficial health effects of cannabinoids like Δ9-THC or CBD!

Shop For At-Home Decarboxylation Machines

Of course, not everyone wants to decarboxylate independently, especially given all of the variability of the at-home options.

That is why many innovative companies have created their own decarboxylation machines for the at-home user.

Below are the most famous at-home decarboxylation machines recommended by my Well With Cannabis Community.

Enhance Your Cannabis Education

My beginner-friendly Cannabis Compass Online Course will show you how to dose, use, and apply cannabis safely and effectively so that you can begin to manage your most unwanted symptoms the natural way from the comfort of your own home.

Learn more and enroll today →

Enhance Your Cannabis Education

My beginner-friendly Cannabis Compass Online Course will show you how to dose, use, and apply cannabis safely and effectively so that you can begin to manage your most unwanted symptoms the natural way from the comfort of your own home.

Learn more and enroll today →